UC-NRLF 


B   H   57^   36e 


Mental  Hygiene 

Vol.   IV  JANUARY,    1920  No.    1 


COLONY  AND  EXTRA-INSTITUTIONAL 
CARE  FOR  THE  FEERLEMINDED 

CIL.\RLES  IJERNSTEIN.  M.D. 
Superintendent,  Rome  State  Custodial  Asylum 

TT  is  very  noticeable  that  during  the  last  decade  the  type  of 
-*•  feebleminded  that  come  to  our  doors  for  admission  has 
greatly  changed.  Whereas  ten  years  ago  80  per  cent  were 
idiots  and  imbeciles  and  only  20  per  cent  border-line  cases  or 
morons,  now  only  20  per  cent  are  of  the  idiot  and  imbecile 
class  and  80  per  cent  are  morons  or  border-line  cases.  I  believe 
that  one  reason  why  wo  are  receiving  so  many  more  of  these 
social  misfits  or  failures  is  that  machinery  has  to  a  great 
extent  displaced  common  hand  labor,  and  more  highly  organ- 
ized society  depends  more  upon  cooperative  activities,  thus 

p  demanding  more  specialized  ability  of  its  individual  constitu- 
ents. It  is  our  opinion  that  the  time  has  come  when  something 
much  less  expensive  and  many  times  more  wholesome  and 
natural  than  the  physical  custody  of  brick  walls  and  iron 
inclosures  and  large  per  capita  expenditures  for  buildings 
and  yearly  maintenance  is  possible  and  practicable  for  a  large 
majority  of  these  cases — that  many  of  them  can  be  rehabili- 
tated and  saved  for  something  better  than  lives  of  institu- 

V  tional  servitude,  by  careful  training  in  the  kinds  of  work  that 
•    they  are  ca^piiWe  of  performing. 

By  cmisorvative  estimate,   there   are   in   New   York  State 

.  some -80,000"  feebleminded  and  socially  unfit  in  need  of  care 
and  treatment,  a  heavy  burden  upon  the  state  if  they  arc  all 


S*'*       '   '..''  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

■  'to  be  ibaintained  permanently  in  institutions.    A  system  that 
renders  a  large  percentage  of  them   self-supporting,   apart 
from  the  benefit  to  the  individuals  directly  concerned,  per- 
forms a  threefold  service:    it  relieves  the  state  financially;  it  . 
permits  of  increased  facilities  for  the  custodial  care  of  the  • 
lower  grades  of  feebleminded;  and  it  adds  to  the  community's  .■ 
supply  of  labor  in  fields  in  which  the  demand  for  workers  is 
far  in  excess  of  the  supply — namely,  agriculture  and  domestic 
work. 

The  responsibility  that  rests  upon  us  in  this  matter  is 
further  increased  by  the  fact  that  we  are  receiving,  not  only 
a  constantly  growing  number  of  border-line  cases,  but  also 
many  doubtful  cases  (under  the  law  that  allows  us  to  take 
such  cases  for  observation  and  study — Chapter  448  of  Laws 
of  1912)  in  diagnosing  which  the  best  experts  will  differ  as 
the  case  is  seen  from  day  to  day.  The  one  sure  test  as  to  the 
mental  competency  of  such  individuals  to  lead  normal  lives 
is,  after  thorough  training,  the  world  test.  Many  of  them  came 
from  homes  in  which  they  have  never  known  a  normal  family 
life,  and  many  others  have  lived  during  childhood  in  great 
institutions,  where  little  or  no  individual  training,  and  especi- 
ally no  normal  family  domestic  training,  was  available.  The 
only  fair  treatment  for  these  cases  is  to  give  them  such  train-  ^* 
ing  and  then  let  them  meet  the  test  of  life  under  favorable 
conditions  in  normal  families,  where  they  w^ill  have  the  bene- 
fit of  the  same  kind  of  experience  and  the  same  kind  of  super- 
vision and  advice  that  go  to  the  development  of  normal  indi- 
viduals. This  is  the  method  we  are  following  in  our  boys' 
farm  colonies,  our  working  girls'  colonies,  and  our  parole 
system. 

Boys'  Farm  Colonies* 
Our  first  experiment  in  agricultural  colonization  was  under- 
taken in  1906,  when  the  Brush  Farm  Colony  was  established 
on  a  farm  of  187  acres.  On  April  1,  eight  inmates  from  among 
our  brighter  boys,' with  a  supervisor  and  assistant  matron  a§ 
farmer  and  wife,  took  possession  of  this  farm,  marching  away 
from  the  old  asylum  premises,  led  by  the  patients '  band,  with 

•  We  have  rot  gone  into  the  same  detail  ia  our  account  of  our  boj's'  colonies 
as  we  have  in  describing  our  colonies  for  working  jrirls.  as  there  appears  to  be 
little  question  regarding  this  procedure  as  applied  to  boys. 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  3 

a  team  and  large  sleigh,  two  cows,  one  extra  horse,  a  few  cook- 
ing utensils,  one  month's  supply  of  food,  and  the  eight 
patients'  clothing  and  trunks.  The  legislature  of  1906  gave 
us  $1,000  for  furnishings,  and  with  this  money  the  house  was 
made  comfortable  and  tools  were  purchased  for  the  farm. 
Four  more  boys  were  placed  on  the  farm  soon  afterwards, 
making  twelve  boys  there,  and  this  number  was  later  increased 
to  twenty. 

The  financial  statement  of  the  colony  for  the  first  six  months 
of  its  existence  is  of  interest: 

Credited  with  supplies  to 

the  amount  of $1,573 .  05 

Charged  with  supplies  to 

the  amount  of $904.26 

Salary  of  farmer  and  wife 360 .  00 

Profit  to  colony 's  credit $308 .  79 

Two  years  later  we  established  a  second  colony — the  Bailey 
Farm  Colony,  which  also  accommodates  twenty  boys  and  a 
farmer  and  wife.  This  was  originally  a  farm  of  only  fifteen 
acres,  lying  between  the  asylum  farm  and  the  first  farm 
colony,  but  we  divided  the  acreage  of  the  Brush  Farm  with  it,, 
giving  one  hundred  acres  to  each. 

In  1910  another  outlying  farm,  five  miles  from  the  asylum, 
was  rented  for  $650.00  a  year  to  be  used  for  raising  fodder  and 
pasturage  and  for  stabling  our  large  herd  of  young  stock. 
We  have  not,  by  the  way,  purchased  a  cow  in  twelve  years, 
but  have  grown  from  our  best  calves  the  160  cows  we  now 
have. 

A  fourth  colony  was  started  in  ]912  on  a  neighboring  farm 
of  fifty  acres,  with  accommodations  for  thirty  boys,  a  gardener, 
and  his  wife.  This  colony  supplies  all  the  vegetables  except 
potatoes  needed  for  our  family  of  from  2,200  to  1,950  inmates 
and  250  employees.  In  1915  and  1916  we  rented  two  good 
dair>'  farms — one  of  270,  the  other  of  200  acres — and  placed 
thereon  colonies  of  twenty  inmates  and  dairies  of  forty  milch 
cows  each.  These  colonies  produce  milk  for  nearly  all  the 
butter  that  is  needed  in  our  regular  dietary,  in  addition  to 
producing  all  the  milk  needed. 

A  new  experiment  was  trie^  in  1915,  when  we  sent  a  group 


4  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

'  / 

of  boys  to  the  Adirondacks  to  do  reforestation  work  for  the 

Conservation  Commission  on  the  state  preserves.    This  was 

planned  as   an  economy  for  both   the   commission   and   the 

asylum.     It  furnished  us  with  cheap  beds  and  housing,  and 

the  commission  with  cheap  labor,  it  being  verj^  hard  to  get 

labor  in  that  remote  district  and  very  expensive  to  import  it. 

We  had  previously  demonstrated  that  we  could  do  this 
work  successfully,  having,  under  the  supervision  of  the  State 
Forestry  Department,  reforested  forty  acres  of  reverted  state 
land,  three  miles  south  of  Rome,  and  twenty  acres  of  waste 
land  on  the  asylum  farm. 

On  October  1,  a  group  of  twenty-five  boys,  with  two  attend- 
ants and  a  representative  of  the  Conservation  Commission, 
were  sent  to  North  River  in  the  region  of  Indian  Lake.  The 
tents  and  cooking  utensils  for  the  camp  were  supplied  by  the 
commission  from  stock  kept  for  such  purposes.  The  trees 
were  grown  in  the  commission's  nursery  at  Saratoga. 

By  November  1,  the  boys  had  set  out  150,000  trees,  covering 
150  acres,  and  the  report  made  by  the  commission  showed 
that  this  work  was  much  better  done  than  it  ever  had  been 
by  paid  labor  or  convict  labor.  The  work  was  worth  about 
$1,000  to  the  state  and  actually  cost  us  in  direct  expense  about 
$400.00,  $200.00  of  vwhich  was  for  railroad  fares,  $100.00  for 
supplies,  $75.00  for  labor,  and  $25.00  for  freight. 

The  success  of  this  experiment  led  to  the  establishment  of  a 
permanent  reforestation  colony  at  Indian  Lake.  This  colony 
is  located  on  150  acres  of  open  farm  land,  where  twenty  boys 
live  the  year  around  and  other  boys  come  to  camp  in  tents 
during  the  spring  and  fall  planting  seasons,  the  number 
depending  on  the  number  of  trees  available  for  planting. 
Fifty  or  sixty  boys  can  do  the  house  and  farm  work  and  plant 
500,000  trees  a  year,  in  addition  to  caring  for  the  nurseries 
which  have  been  established  on  the  farm  for  growing  these  trees 
from  seedlings  to  the  planting  age  of  two  years.  On  this  farm 
the  boys  have  produced  all  the  vegetables,  milk,  butter,  beef, 
pork,  mutton,  eggs,  etc.,  needed  for  their  maintenance  and  had 
excess  products  to  sell.  They  have  also  been  able  to  make 
extra  money  by  working  on  neighboring  farms. 

Because  of  the  high  cost  of  materials  and  the  difficulty  of 
:^bipping  liiom  during  war  ti'n>e,  in  the  fall  of  1918  we  decided 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  ^  5 

to  discontinuo  this  Indian  Lake  Colony,  intending  to  reopen 
it  as  soon  as  conditions  proved  favorable,  as  we  have  found 
this  kind  of  work  very  beneficial  to  many  of  our  boys.  It  is 
surprising  to  see  how  many  of  them  are  anxious  to  go  to  the 
camp  and  are  glad  to  stay  all  winter,  even  though  the  place 
is  so  isolated.  Indeed,  the  boj^s  seem  to  glory  in  their  isola- 
tion and  in  the  fact  that  there  is  no  one  to  interfere  with  them 
or  irritate  them  and  that  they  can  practically  have  the  run  of 
things  without  being  hindered  or  complained  of  by  neighbors. 
A  number  of  them,  too,  had  opportunities  to  go  out  on  sur- 
rounding farms  to  help  cut  wood,  take  care  of  stock,  plant  and 
harvest  crops,  etc.,  and  several  were  placed  on  parole  with 
farmers  in  the  vicinity  of  the  colony.  Those  of  our  boys  who 
have  incipient  tuberculosis  are  greatly  benefited  by  this  open- 
air  life  in  the  Adirondacks,  and  while  regaining  their  health, 
are  made  happy  by  being  able  to  do  a  little  work. 

Another  of  our  colonies — the  Lawrence,  opened  in  1918 — 
will  be  largely  devoted  to  reforestation  work.  This  colony  is 
located  onal,350acrefarm,  with  housing  accommodations  for 
forty  boys.  Only  about  150  acres  of  it  can  be  used  for  agricul- 
tural purposes;  the  rest  is  suitable  only  for  reforestation.  We 
T|ttij^  planning  arrangements  with  the  State  Forestry  Depart- 
ment to  establish  on  this  farm  a  permanent  nursery  for  grow- 
ing trees,  both  for  the  use  of  the  Conservation  Commission  at 
other  points  and  for  our  use  in  reforesting  the  1,200  acres  avail- 
able on  this  farm  and  the  thousands  of  acres  of  waste  land  on 
adjoining  farms,  so  far  as  the  owners  of  such  land  wish  us  to 
do  this  work.  Our  proposition  is  that  we  will  reforest  land 
for  our  neighbors  on  a  share  basis,  the  state  furnishing  the 
trees  and  the  inmates  of  this  institution — the  state's  wards — 
doing  the  work,  and  the  state,  at  the  end  of  a  period  of  twenty- 
five  or  fifty  years,  taking  a  share  of  the  timber  product. 

I  believe  that  this  is  one  of  the  largest  and  best  pieces  of 
work  that  we  can  do.  It  increases  the  value  of  the  real  estate, 
whether  owned  by  the  state  or  by  private  persons,  and  at  the 
end  of  a  few  j^ears  the  state  reaps  its  reward  both  from 
increased  products  and  increased  taxes.  In  this  way  we  shall 
be  making  valuable  and  productive  much  waste  land  that 
otherwise  would  lie  idle  indefinitely,  especially  while  labor 
costs  as  it  does  these  davs. 


«  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

A  second  boys'  colony  established  during  1918  is  on  a  small 
rented  farm,  about  a  mile  away  from  the  asylum,  where  we 
tried  the  experiment  of  caring  for  delinquent  feebleminded 
boys  under  the  colony  system.  We  put  in  charge  one  of  our 
experienced  attendants  who  had  managed  w^hat  we  call  the 
** lock-up"  group — that  is,  delinquent  boys  wiio  have  to  be 
kept  either  in  locked  wards  or  in  squads  of  from  twenty  to 
forty,  under  the  constant  supervision  of  two  attendants,  when 
working  out  of  the  wards.  This  attendant's  wife  acted  as 
house  mother. 

The  experiment  has  worked  out  very  well.  We  were  our- 
selves somewhat  surprised  to  find  how  little  trouble  the  boys 
gave,  and  we  believe  that  this  scheme  might  be  carried  out 
further  with  larger  numbers  of  boys,  though  each  of  the 
groups  must  be  kept  small  and  considerably  isolated.  More- 
over, we  appreciate  the  fact  that  the  success  of  such  a  colony 
depends  entirely  upon  the  ability  of  some  one  w4io  is  especi- 
ally fitted  and  trained  to  manage  boys. 

Requests  were  received  during  the  year  from  Warsaw,  New 
York,  and  from  Jefferson  County  near  Mannville  for  farm 
colonies,  the  boys  to  help  surrounding  farmers,  but  for  various 
reasons  it  did  not  seem  desirable  to  establish  such  colonies  at 
the  present  time. 

The  following  table  shows  briefly  the  situation  w^ith  regard 
to  our  boys'  farm  colonies  at  the  present  time: 

Boya'  Colonies  Opened  Acres  No.  of                 Cost 

beds 

No.     1.  Brush 1906  187  20  Purchased,  $10,000. 

No.     2.  Bailey 1908  15  20  Purchased,  $5,000. 

No.     3.  Rathbun 1910  300  30  Rented,  $600. 

No.     4.  Lamphere 1912  50  30  Purchased,  $5,000. 

No.     5.  Indian  Lake.  .  . .  1915  150  20  Loaned  by  state. 

No.     6.  Stook 1915  270  20  Rented,  $1,000. 

No.     7.  Talcott 1916  200  30  Rented,  $1,000. 

No.     S.Kossuth 1917     20  Rented,  $480. 

No.     9.  Akron 1917  60  40  Rented,  $700. 

No.  10.  Dewey 1918  90  20  Rented,  $500. 

No.  11.  Lawrence 1918  1,350  40  Rented,  $600. 


290 


All  t^iese  colonies  are  for  agricultural  purposes  with  the 
exception  of  Number  8,  which  is  for  boys  at  work  in  Rome 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  7 

assisting  in  handling  freight,  caring  for  lawns,  attending 
furnaces,  shoveling  snow,  etc.  All  but  Number  5 — the  Indian 
Lake  Colony— and  Number  9,  which  is  in  Erie  County,  twenty 
miles  from  Buffalo,  are  located  within  a  mile  or  two  of  the 
city  of  Rome.  These  farm  colonies,  each  accommodating  at 
least  twenty  inmates,  cost  the  state  between  $5,000  and  $10,000 
apiece,  or  a  rental  of  from  $600  to  $1,000  a  year  apiece, 
whereas  to  build  large  brick  buildings  costs  from  $500  to 
$1,000  for  every  inmate.  Moreover,  these  colonies,  after  the 
first  year,  are  self-supporting,  including  all  expenses  and 
5  per  cent  on  the  investment. 

One  of  the  plans  that  we  have  in  mind  is  to  colonize  with 
morons  abandoned  or  unoccupied  farms  such  as  are  to  be 
found  on  nearly  every  crossroad  in  every  township.  In  addi- 
tion to  earning  their  livings  on  these  farms  and  improving 
the  land  and  buildings,  the  boys  would  have  spare  time  to 
put  in  helping  neighboring  farmers — who  are  much  in  need  of 
such  labor — and  thus  further  contribute  to  their  own  support. 
At  odd  times  they  could  pick  and  crush  stone  and  distribute  it 
on  the  small  crossroads  that  form  the  connecting  links 
between  the  state-improved  roads.  When  these  abandoned 
farms,  through  good  cultivation,  became  sufficiently  valuable, 
they  could  be  vacated  as  colonies  and  the  increase  in  their 
value,  gained  through  sale  or  otherwise,  either  revert  to  the 
state  or  be  used  for  further  colonization. 

Working  Girls'  Colonies 
Our  first  working  girls'  colony  was  opened  in  1914.     The 
following   extracts   from   our   annual   reports   give    a   good 
description  of  the  purpose  and  methods  of  these  colonies  and 
the  success  that  has  attended  them: 

FIRST  REPORT  ON  GIRLS'  COLONIES 

The  following  announcement  was  made  at  the  opening  of 
the  first  colony : 

Rome,  N.  Y.  October  7,  1914. 
A  working  girls '  home  has  been  established  at  209  West  Thomas  Street — 
telephone  number,  172-J — where  girls  are  available  for  domestic  work, 
sewing,  etc.,  by  the  day,  week,  or  month.  The  girls  going  out  from  this 
place  to  work  are  capable  of  doing  all  kinds  of  domestic  work,  except 
special  cooking.     They  are  only  able  to  do  common  cooking.  ^- 


8  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

Their  services  may  l)e  secun-d  l)y  ti'loi)h()ne.  The  rate  is  fifty  cents  per 
day,  and  their  servicc>  wiJi  be  available  I'or  employment  at  any  time  on 
short  notice. 

Settlement  for  services  will  be  paid  direct  to  the  manager  of  the  honu'. 
Bills  will  be  regularly  rendered  weekly  for  such  services. 

These  girls  are  not  markedly  defective,  but  are  girls  who  have  been 
orphans  or  have  never  known  a  normal  home,  and  when  later  in  life  they 
have  gone  out  into  the  world,  they  have  been  unable  to  get  along  because^ 
of  lack  of  projK-r  home  training  and  normal  worldly  experience.  As  a 
result  they  were  sent  to  this  asylum  for  study,  care,  and  training,  and 
we  are  sending  them  out  to  work,  after  having  been  thoroughly  trained 
and  tested  here,  to  see  if  they  can  get  in  touch  with  the  world  under  nor- 
mal conditions  and  thus  learn  ti>  be  self-sustaining  and  possibly  have  their 
entire  freedom. 

This  colony  is  carried  on  in  a  rented  house  in  the  city,  which  constitutes 
the  girls'  home  and  social  center,  presided  over  by  a  housekeeper  or  matron, 
with  a  social  visitor  to  inspect  their  working  i)laces  and  their  street  deport- 
ment, to  accompany  them  to  moving-picture  shows  and  other  socir.l  diver- 
sions, and  to  assist  them  in  purchasing  their  clothing,  etc.  We  hope  in 
this  way  to  have  many  of  these  girls  learn  through  experience  normal 
social  reactions  and  family  life,  and  thus  to  return  the  services  of  many 
of  these  willing  and  competent  domestic  workers  to  society  and  in  this 
way  lighten  the  load  and  make  state  care  and  supervision  possible  for  all 
this  class  of  dependents  who  positively  need  such  care.  Incidentally,  in 
connection  therewith  we  have  established  the  most  positive  test  possible 
as  to  the  ability  of  some  of  these  cases  to  rehabilitate  or  support  them- 
selves, regarding  all  of  which  we  can  never  be  positive  in  a  considerable 
number  of  these  border-line  cases  until  such  world  test  has  actually  been 
applied. 

Of  the  sixty-seven  girls  who  worked  through  this  colony 
during  the  first  year,  forty-two  remained  at  the  end  of  the 
year,  and  twenty-five  were  returned  as  follows:  nine  for  social 
offenses,  such  as  flirting  on  the  street,  boisterous  on  the  street, 
noisy  at  the  colony,  etc.  (only  two  were  really  serious  social 
failures);  nine  of  the  younger  girls  because  they  had  not  had 
sufficient  training;  and  seven  others  because  of  sickness,  or 
because  their  services  were  worth  more  to  the  institution  than 
they  were  getting  outside — namely,  $8.50  a  week — and  they 
preferred  to  live  and  work  at  the  asylum. 

The  ver\'^  marked  improvement  occun'ing  in  these  parole 
cases  is  most  favorably  commented  on  by  all  who  come  in  con- 
tact with  them,  and  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  it  is  just  these 
normal  experiences  in  life  which  these  eases  lacked  in  their 
earlier  environment  and  the  absence  of  which  in  their  lives 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  9 

(luring  tlieir  liabit-forming  period  was  the  real  cause  of  their 
previous  misfit  or  failure. 

These  girls  served  226  families  in  Kome  during  the  year. 
A  number  of  tlie  girls  work  one  or  two  days  a  week  at  different 
j)laces,  about  half  of  them  having  regular  places  where  they 
stay  continuously. 

They  earned  $3,278.91,  thus  making  themselves  entirely  self- 
supporting,  with  all  bills  paid  and  money  in  the  bank  to  the 
colony's  credit  at  the  end  of  the  year,  as  well  as  each  girl,  in 
addition  to  having  paid  for  all  her  own  clothing,  having  an 
individual  savings-bank  account.  One  girl  had  as  much  as 
fifty  dollars  iii  savings  to  her  individual  credit. 

It  required  about  one-third  of  the  earnings  of  these  girls  to 
supx)ort  the  colony,  including  the  cost  of  furnishings,  rent, 
jjrovision,  etc. 

Each  girl  is  given  twenty-five  cents  each  week  for  spending 
money,  and  fifty  cents  cash  each  week  for  the  savings  bank. 
The  remainder  of  all  money  collected  is  placed  in  the  bank 
for  general  expenses,  clothing,  etc.,  and  each  girl  is  given 
money  from  the  general  fund  for  all  necessary  or  reasonable 
purposes. 

I  do  not  hesitate  to  declare  that  the  results  of  our  year's 
experience  amply  justify  us  in  deciding  to  go  on  with  the 
work,  and  surely  the  general  interest  manifest  in  the  experi- 
ment, if  such  it  may  be  called,  as  indicated  by  the  many  letters 
of  imiuiry — among  which  may  especially  be  mentioned  tliosc 
from  the  state  boards  of  charities  of  Maine,  Virginia,  and 
Indiana,  the  State  Department  of  Education  of  Connecticut, 
etc. — warrant  the  assumption  that  organized  charity  is  await- 
ing avenues  of  social  relief  along  these  lines. 

SECOND  REPORT  ON  GIRLS'  COLONIES 

On  September  1,  1916,  a  second  girls*  colony  was  opened  in 
a  large  rented  house,  two  city  blocks  removed  from  the  first 
girls'  colony,  where  ten  girls  between  fourteen  and  sixteen 
years  of  age  are  to  remain  one  year  in  home  training  before 
they  go  out  to  work,  and  thus,  we  hope,  become  even  morr 
efficient  domestic  workers.  Tn  addition  to  these  ten  younger 
girls,  there  are  eight  older  working  girls  living  at  this  colony, 
and  a  portion  of  their  earnings,  with  a  portion  of  the  earnings 


10  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

of  the  other  colony,  will  be  used  to  support  this  second  colony 
and  make  possible  this  better  training  of  ten  of  their  younger 
sisters  in  need.  Too,  the  older  girls  will  be  stimulated  to  set 
good  examples  to  the  younger  girls,  and  the  younger  girls  will 
be  stimulated  to  do  their  best  to  hold  their  place  and  later  to 
have  the  same  chance  the  older  girls  are  having,  especially  the 
larger  freedom  and  finer  clothes;  the  latter  especially  appeal 
to  girls. 

Night  school  has  been  established  at  the  colony,  where  sew- 
ing, cooking,  and  book  school  are  carried  on,  and  we  have 
been  pleased  as  well  as  surprised  to  find  the  interest  the  girls 
manifest  in  these  activities,  even  the  girls  who  room  and  sleep 
where  they  work  coming  in  for  this  work  in  preference  to 
going  to  the  movies. 

Financial  Statement,  October  1,  1915  to  October  1,  1916 
Received  from  247  customers $5  418 .  82 

Fifteen  boys  earned $494 .  00 

Ninety-one  girls  earned 4,924.82 

$5,418.82 

Paid  boys  in  cash,  etc $150 .  92 

Paid  girls,  cash,  clothing,  etc 3,173 .  64 

$3,324.56 

Fixtures  and  furnishings 569 .  67 

Expense  (gas,  water,  phone,  etc.) 229.47 

Rent  410.00 

Extra  salaries 120 .  00 

$1,329.14 

$4,653.70 

Balance   in   bank $765.12 

Fifty  girls  have  a  total  of  over  $1,000  in  the  savings  bank  to 
their  individual  credits. 

Colony    Institution 

Number  of  girls  passing  through 91 

Number  of  girls  paroled  through 36  17 

Number  of  girls  discharged  after  parole 13  7 

Number  of  girls  discharged  direct  from 13  11 

Number  of  girls  returned  from  parole 14  6 

Number  of  girls  returned  from  discharge 3  2 

Number  of  girls  remaining  on  parole 9  4 

Number  of  girls  remaining  in  colonies 53 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  11 

Girls  designated  ''institution"  did  not  pass  through  colony 
training.  About  one-fourth  of  the  girls  go  back  and  forth 
from  the  asylum  to  the  city  of  Rome  by  bus,  about  one-fourth 
live  at  the  colonies,  and  about  one-half  live  where  they  work, 
thus  making  a  sort  of  progression  in  their  parole  to  larger 
freedom  and  responsibilities. 

THIRD  REPORT  ON  GIRLS'  COLONIES 

During  the  year  [1917]  two  additional  colonies  have  been 
established  for  girls,  one  at  Westleigh,  Staten  Island,  for  girls 
at  domestic  work,  and  the  other  at  Oriskany  Falls,  a  colony 
for  girls  at  work  in  a  knitting  mill.  Requests  were  made  for 
several  additional  colonies.  However,  we  were  unable  to 
organize  more  this  year  because  of  lack  of  trained  girls  for 
the  purpose  who  could  be  spared  from  our  regular  service, 
especially  this  year  when  so  few  good  and  reliable  citizen 
employees  are  available  for  attendants  and  other  regular 
service.  Thus  many  of  our  most  reliable  boys  and  girls  were 
pressed  into  service  at  the  asylum  instead  of  being  given  other 
privileges  through  colony  life  or  parole.  And  here  the  ques- 
tion arises,  is  it  fair  and  just  to  these  boys  and  girls  to  deprive 
them  of  an  opportunity  to  live  outside  the  institution,  so  long 
as  they  are  capable  and  trustworthy?  However,  we  have  not 
hesitated  to  do  this  in  view  of  the  pressing  war  emergency, 
just  as  soldiers  are  used  everywhere  under  such  exigencies. 

Gloversville,  Fort  Plain,  Fonda,  Canajoharie,  Hamilton, 
Oneida,  Canastota,  East  Aurora,  and  Utica  have  all  asked  for 
girls'  colonies,  and  several  opportunities  have  presented 
themselves  for  other  farm  and  industrial  colonies  for  boys. 
Of  course  we  require  some  little  overhead  capital  to  start 
boys'  farm  colonies — such  as  for  implements,  teams,  seed,  and 
fertilizer,  as  well  as  for  house  furniture — and  thus,  while  we 
prefer  to  extend  boys'  colonies  along  agricultural  lines,  and 
scatter  them  about  in  sparsely  settled  communities,  so  that 
the  boys'  labor  may  be  made  available  to  assist  as  many 
farmers  as  possible,  still  it  is  much  cheaper  and  more  paying 
in  immediate  return,  especially  in  these  times,  to  start  indus- 
trial colonies  for  both  boys  and  girls  to  work  in  mills  and  at 
day's  labor.  However,  it  is  our  experience  with  these  boys  and 
girls,  as  with  normals,  that  they  have  their  preferences;  some 


12  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

boys  like  farai  life  best,  while  others  like  mill  work,  etc.,  and 
9ome  girls  like  housework  best,  while  others  take  to  mill  work 
or  sewing  or  laundry  work. 

We  believe  that  at  the  present  time  the  largest  and  best 
outlet  for  girls'  labor  is  hand  sewing  and  hand  laundry,  and 
these  lines  of  work  are  especially  adaptable  to  colony  life  for 
a  large  number  of  girls  who  cannot  be  trusted  so  far  as  to  go 
away  from  the  colony  for  indefinite  intervals,  as  is  required 
where  girls  go  out  for  housework. 

The  mill  colonies,  too,  are  especially  well  adapted  to  meet 
the  recjuirements  of  a  large  number  of  girls  who  need  con- 
tinuous supervision,  as  the  supervisor  or  attendant  w^lio  goes 
to  the  mill  with  the  girls  acts  as  forewoman  over  them,  and 
she  can  quickly  learn  the  various  operations  and  then  act  as 
instructor  to  the  new  girls  as  they  enter  upon  the  work;  and 
herein  again  are  the  mill  operators  especially  pleased  with  the 
arrangement. 

Since  October  1914 — three  years — 200  girls  have  passed 
through  the  girls'  colonies,  and  only  35  have  been  perman- 
ently returned,  leaving  165  still  out  earning  their  own  living. 
Of  this  number  77  have  been  paroled,  and  63  discharged  after 
piirole,  14  still  remaining  X)n  parole,  and  88  remaining  in  the 
colonies. 

Of  course  the  greatest  good  in  this  colony  activity,  in  addi- 
tion to  giving  these  girls  larger  opportunities  for  develop- 
ment, is  that  beds  were  made  available  for  165  additional  girls, 
all  of  whom  were  greatly  in  need  of  such  training  and  custody, 
and  nearly  every  one  of  whom  would  otherwise  have  drifted 
further  into  crime  and  immorality  and  other  troubles. 

Number  of  girls  passing  through   colony 200 

Number  of  girls  paroled 77 

Number  of  girls  discharged  after  parole 63 

Number  of  girls  remaining   in    colonies 88 

Number  of  girls  returned   to   asylum 35 

Number  of  girls  cared  for  in  colonies  first  year 67  (new)  67 

Number  of  girls  in  colonies  second  year 91   (new)   45 

Number  of  girls  in  colonies  third  year 06   (new)   6J> 

The  girls  from  the  colonies  are  frequently  met  in  groups 
and  talked  with  about  some  of  their  failures  or  adverse  experi- 
ences, as  well  as  their  exemplary  experiences,  so  that  all  may 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  13 

liave  the  opportunity  to  profit  through  the  mistakes  as  well 
as  the  successes  of  others,  and  it  is  really  surprising  to  see 
how  kindly  they  receive  these  suggestions  and  how  hard  they 
strive  to  meet  the  approbation  of  their  super\'isors  and  especi- 
ally that  of  the  superintendent.  Individual  evidences  of  more 
than  ordinary  success  could  be  cited  by  the  score  where  the 
girl  in  a  liousehold  has  especially  and  repeatedly  exerted  her- 
self to  please  and  even  surprise  **my  lady,"  as  they  always 
designate  the  housewife  for  whom  they  are  working.  A  girl 
goes  and  purchases  fifteen  cents  worth  of  graham  flour  with 
her  own  money  in  order  to  surprise  the  family  at  breakfast 
with  graham  gems.  Another  tells  the  garbage  man  not  to 
pound  the  can  to  loosen  the  frozen  garbage,  as  she  will  get  the 
teakettle  of  hot  water  to  pour  on  the  outside  of  the  can  to 
loosen  it.  Another  asks  the  housewife  if  she  can  sit  at  her 
feet  on  the  floor  childlike  and  help  her  mend  during  the  after- 
noon, rather  than  go  out  to  the  colony.  Numbers  ask  to  be 
allowed  to  take  samples  of  their  cakes  and  pastry  to  the  super- 
intendent, for  him  to  sample  and  see  how  well  they  did. 

To  be  sure,  we  did  experience  in  the  beginning  attempts  to 
discourage  the  project,  such  as  a  series  of  anonymous  post- 
cards sent  to  the  women  who  were  employing  the  girls,  stating 
that  they  should  be  ashamed  to  employ  scab  labor,  etc.,  all 
apparently  from  one  source,  a  discharged  and  disgruntled 
former  employee.  Also,  a  group  of  boys  attempted  to  molest 
and  distract  the  girls  on  the  street  and  loitered  about  the 
colony  house,  but  the  early  cooperation  of  the  police  served 
to  quiet  all  such  disturbances. 

We  took  the  precaution  of  not  starting  out  with  definitely 
fixed  or  preconceived  rules  of  procedure  which  might  hinder 
or  be  impractical  for  natural  development,  but  rather  pre- 
ferred to  develop  as  we  proceeded  in  the  work,  allowing  our 
experiences,  and  especially  the  results  of  our  conferences  with 
the  girls,  to  serve  as  suggestions  rather  than  iniles  for  future 
conduct. 

We  began  with  each  girl  so  far  as  possible  a  new  life  and 
thus  preferred  that  those  who  were  to  meet  and  work  with 
them  through  the  colony  should  have  no  basis  for  a  biased 
judgment  against  them.  We  therefore  decided  that  the  colony 
officials   should   know   nothing  definitely   of  the   girls'   past 


14  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

history'',  giving  each  girl  the  best  chance  possible  to  bury  her 
past  if  she  were  so  disposed;  and  one  need  but  see  the  letters 
of  advice  that  some  of  the  girls  write  back  to  their  girl  friends 
remaining  in  tlie  asylum  to  appreciate  that  at  least  some  of 
them  do  attempt  to  bury  the  past  and  come  to  learn  that  good- 
ness and  virtue  are  their  own  reward. 

As  regards  the  benefit  to  each  individual  inmate  under  such 
a  scheme  of  colonization  as  herein  outlined  there  can  be  no 
reasonable  doubt  after  an  observation  of  the  results  of  the 
work,  and  while  some  extremely  technical  and  pessimistic 
observer  might  find  a  few  startling  exceptions  to  this  state- 
ment, still  a  few  failures  are  to  be  expected  in  almost  any  line 
of  endeavor,  and  when  they  do  not  exceed  2  per  cent  of  the 
cases  handled,  we  certainly  should  not  let  these  few  failures 
be  the  sole  guide  to  our  future  work  in  the  care  and  treatment 
of  the  other  98  per  cent;  not  even  should  the  failures  reach  a 
percentage  of  10 — which  they  never  have — should  the  result 
influence  us  too  much  in  our  work  with  the  remaining  90  per 

cent. 

Additional  Girls'  Colonies  Opened 

In  view  of  the  success  of  the  girls'  colonies  already  estab- 
lished and  the  growing  demand  for  them  from  various  com- 
munities, we  decided  to  open  two  new  ones  during  the  past 
year  (1918).  One — opened  July  1 — was  at  p]ast  Aurora, 
where  a  matron  and  twenty  girls  were  placed  in  a  house  with 
a  monthly  rental  of  $40.00.  This  has  been  the  most  immedi- 
ately successful  of  any  of  the  colonies  that  we  have  estab- 
lished. From  the  very  beginning,  it  has  been  almost  entirely 
self-supporting,  paying  all  its  own  bills  and  having  very  few 
supplies  sent  to  it  from  Rome.  As  a  rule,  it  has  taken  us  from 
six  months  to  a  year  to  get  a  colonj^  on  such  a  paying  basis, 
but  because  of  favorable  circumstances,  the  demand  for  labor 
being  great  in  the  summer  of  1918,  the  girls  found  ready 
employment  without  loss  of  the  time  usually  spent  in  intro- 
ducing the  proposition  to  the  community.  While  these  girls 
have  been  able  to  place  very  little  money  in  the  savings  bank, 
because  of  the  high  cost  of  all  commodities,  they  are  a  most 
happy  group  and  none  of  them  would  think  of  coming  back  to 
the  asylum  to  live. 

In  the  same  month  we  opened  a  colony  at  Syracuse,  where 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  IS- 

we  were  able  to  take  over  a  property  with  accommodations 
for  from  forty  to  sixty  beds,  formerly  the  Syracuse  Shelter  for 
Unprotected  Girls.  Because  of  the  modern  sj'stem  of  proba- 
tion and  parole  in  the  juvenile  and  municipal  courts,  which 
tends  to  save  nearly  all  the  normal  girls  from  reformatory 
terms,  leaving  only  the  abnormal  to  be  placed  in  such  reforma- 
tories and  shelters,  we  were  able  to  get  this  property  at  the 
ver>'  reasonable  rental  of  $100  a  month,  including  complete 
furnishings.  It  includes  a  chapel,  a  gymnasium,  a  department 
for  adults  and  a  separate  department  for  younger  girls,  and 
large  yards,  and  is  certainly  ver\"  desirable  for  our  purposes, 
with  the  possible  objection  that  it  is  too  large  and  too  much 
like  an  institution  to  constitute  an  ideal  colony  home.  How- 
ever, it  is  well  situated  in  the  center  of  a  prosperous  develop- 
ment section  in  Syracuse,  where  new  homes  are  being  built 
by  well-to-do  families,  which  means  plenty  of  work  nearby  for 
the  girls.  Also,  the  project  has  the  backing  of  many  influential 
women  in  Syracuse  who  contributed  toward  the  property  with 
the  idea  that  it  was  to  be  used  for  the  care  of  friendless  girls 
and  who  are  glad  to  see  it  devoted  to  a  like  purpose.  They 
feel  that  this  colonization  of  high-grade  feebleminded  and 
border-line  girls  is  really  a  continuation  of  the  work  that  they 
had  been  carrying  on  for  some  years  without  recognizing  a 
number  of  their  girls  as  actually  of  this  class. 

The  property,  with  furnishings,  is  valued  at  $40,000  and  we 
were  given  the  option  of  purchasing  it  for  $30,000.  The  annual 
rental  of  $1,200  is  to  be  continued  at  our  option,  also. 

The  Shelter  formerly  had  bars  on  the  windows.  These  have 
been  taken  off,  and  some  of  the  high  board  fences  surrounding 
the  property  have  been  removed.  This  has  pleased  the  people 
in  the  neighborhood,  as  it  makes  the  place  look  less  like  a 
prison. 

This  colony,  too,  started  out  under  very  favorable  condi- 
tions, but  an  outbreak  of  influenza  resulted  in  the  non-employ- 
ment of  most  of  the  girls  for  nearly  two  months,  which  greatly 
cut  into  our  income.  However,  conditions  soon  returned  to 
normal,  and  we  are  now  receiving  sufficient  income  to  put 
money  away  in  the  bank. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  in  the  case  of  both  of  these 
colonies — East  Aurora  and  Syracuse — no  one  objects  to  the 


16  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

presence  of  the  girls  and  every  one  is  favorably  impressed  and 
anxious  to  see  the  project  succeed.  This  is  true  not  only  of 
the  people  who  employ  the  girls.  Many  others  are  interested 
in  seeing  the  movement  carried  on,  especially  those  who  have 
had  a  chance  to  see  the  improvement  that  takes  place  in  the 
girls  as  a  result  of  the  larger  opportunity  for  individual 
development  which  the  colony  affords  and  which  the  institu- 
tion could  not  possibly  provide;  nor  could  any  system  of 
parole  provide  it  without  the  colony  as  a  social  center  for  the 
girls  and  a  protecting  influence  over  them. 

The  Syracuse  colony  took  the  place  of  the  one  on  Staten 
Island,  which  we  decided  to  close.  The  experiment  of  con- 
ducting such  a  colony  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
institution — about  250  miles — had  been  carried  on  for  a  year 
and  had  proven  the  plan  entirely  practicable  and  satisfactory. 
But  labor  and  food  conditions  becoming  somewhat  difficult 
because  of  the  war.  we  thought  it  best  to  remove  this  colony 
to  some  place  nearer  Rome,  where  the  exchange  of  help,  in- 
mates, and  food  supplies  could  be  managed  at  less  expense. 

The  closing  of  this  colony  met  with  considerable  protest 
from  the  people  who  were  employing  the  girls,  thfey  feeling 
that  they  were  being  deprived  of  a  very  great  accommoda- 
tion and  convenience.  Many  of  the  girls,  too,  who  were  work- 
ing through  the  colony  felt  that  they  would  rather  stay  at 
Staten  Island  among  the  friends  that  they  had  made  than 
return  to  Rome  or  go  to  a  strange  colony. 

The  list  of  our  girls '  colonies  is  as  follows : 

Girls'  Colonies  Opened  No.  of            Cost  Kind  of 

beds  Colony 

No.  1.  Evans  (Closed  1919) 1914  14  Rented,  $420.  Domestic 

No.  2.  Mason 1916  18  Rented,  $600.  Domestic 

No.  3.  Staten  Is.  (Closed  1918)  1917  10  Rented,  $480.  Domestic 

No.  4.  Parry 1917  18  Rented,  $480.  Domestic 

No.  5.  Oriskany  Falls 1917  24  Rented,  $480.  Mill 

No.  6.  East  Aurora '  1918  20  Rented,  $480.  Domestic 

No.  7.  Syracuse.. 1918  40  Rented,  $1,200.  Domestic 

No.  8.  Robinson 1918  20  Rented,  $480.  Domestic 

No.  9.  Richfield  Springs 1919  24  Rented,  $480.  Mill 

No.  10.  Hamilton 1919  20  Rented,  $300.  Domestic 

These  girls'  colonies  are  all  located  in  the  city  of  Rome 
except  Number  3,   at  West  New  Brighton,   Staten  Island, 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  17 

N.  Y. ;  Number  6,  at  East  Aurora,  N.  Y. ;  Number  7,  at  Syracuse, 
N.  Y.;  Number  10,  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.  (for  colored  girls  at 
domestic  work);  Number  5,  at  Oriskany  Falls,  N.  Y.;  and 
Number  9,  at  Richfield  Springs,  N.  Y. 

Each  of  the  colonies  for  girls  at  domestic  work  really  cares 
for  and  oversees  a  larger  number  of  girls  than  the  bed  capacity 
of  the  colony  indicates,  as  a  number  of  the  more  trustworthy 
girls,  after  a  few  weeks  or  months  at  the  colony,  are  allowed 
to  sleep  at  the  homes  where  they  are  employed.  They  must, 
liowever,  report  to  their  home  colony  at  stated  intervals,  as 
well  as  generally  for  social  diversions,  special  directions,  etc. 
That  is,  the  colony  house  serves  as  a  home  and  social  center 
for  all. 

The  girls'  wages  have  now  been  increased  to  $1.50  per  day, 
or  $5.00  by  the  week,  and  they  are  allowed  fifty  cents  a  week 
for  spending  money.  The  remainder  of  the  earnings  of  each 
colony  are  placed  in  a  general  fund,  from  which  supplies, 
clothing,  etc.,  are  purchased,  each  girl  being  charged  with 
her  personal  clothing  and  other  expenses.  A  complete  indi- 
vidual account  is  kept  for  each  girl. 

The  situation,  put  briefly,  is  this:  On  October  1,  1914,  we 
had  450  girls  in  this  institution.  Between  that  time  'and 
July  1,  1919,  we  have  admitted  675,  making  a  total  of  1,125 
girls  cared  for,  of  which  number  362  have  passed  through  the 
colonies;  that  is,  practically  one-third  of  all  the  cases  cared 
for  and  admitted  since  October  1,  1914,  have  received  colony 
training  and  treatment.  Of  this  number  225  have  never  had 
to  be  returned  to  the  institution — that  is,  have  clean  records — 
which  is  20  per  cent  of  all  the  cases  cared  for  during  those  five 
years.  This  proves  the  truth  of  the  statement  that  I  have 
been  making  for  the  past  year  or  two — that  from  one-third  to 
one-fourth  of  all  the  cases  we  deal  with  are  adapted  to  colony 
life;  for  while  only  one-fifth  of  all  the  cases  have  proven  suc- 
cessful at  the  first  trial,  still  the  records  show  that  131  of  the 
cases  were  tried  again  and  that  finally  only  28  had 
to  be  returned  permanently  for  discipline.  Actually  over  one- 
tjuarter  of  all  the  cases  cared  for  since  October  1,  1914,  are 
still  cared  for  outside  of  the  institution — that  is,  are  not 
occupying  $1,000  beds  in  the  institution. 

The  financial  statement  of  the  girls*  colonies  from  July  1, 


18  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

1918,  to  July  1,  1919,  is  the  best  proof  of  their  success  from 
that  point  of  view. 

Financial  Statement  of  Girls'  Colonies 
July  1,  1918— July  1,  1919 

Paid  Girls            Operating  Expenses 

from  Paid  from  Paid  by 

Colony                           Earnings           Earnings  Earnings  State 

Rome  Group $7,300.70        $4,198.35  $3,293.94  $5,118.45 

Oriskany  Falls 9,154.23          3,832.41  5,276.39  94.84 

East  Aurora 4,337.16          1,155.14          2,695.81  672.86 

Syracuse 3,311 .  87             980 .  56          2,338 .  44  2,493 .  33 

$24,103.96      $10,166.46      $13,604.58        $8,379.48 
Salaries 3,020.52 

In  round  numbers....      $24,000.00     $12,000.00      $12,000.00      $12,000.00 

The  average  earnings  of  140  girls  (the  average  number  of  girls  in  the 
colonies)  were  $165  each  for  the  year. 

The  cost  to  the  state  was  an  average  of  $85  (supplies  $60  and  salaries 
$25)  per  girl  per  year,  whereas  it  cost  $280  for  each  girl  at  the  institution. 

A  daily  average  of  140  working  girls,*  distributed  among 
six  colonies — three  domestic  colonies  in  Rome,  one  domestic 
colony  each  in  Syracuse  and  East  Aurora,  and  a  mill  colony 
in  Oriskany  Falls — earned  last  year  $24,000.  One-half,  or 
$12,000,  of  these  earnings  was  used  for  personal  expenses  and 
savings  for  the  girls,  and  the  other  half  for  colony  operating 
expenses,  while  the  state  expended  an  equal  amount — $12,000 — 
to  supplement  operating  expenses.  Thus,  the  support  of  these 
girls  actually  cost  the  state  $85  per  girl  per  year,  whereas  the 
per  capita  cost  at  the  institution  was  $280  for  the  same  period. 
Of  course,  the  support  of  these  working  girls  at  the  institu- 
tion would  actually  cost  less  than  the  average  yearly  cost,  as 
they  would  all  be  workers  and  contributors  to  the  general 
household  economy  and  would  not  require  the  expense  of 
special  school  training  or  medical  attention.  On  the  other 
hand,  they  would  require  more  expensive  clothing  than  the 
average  girl  inmates  in  the  institution,  and,  too,  a  house  and 
bed,  the  cost  of  which  does  not  appear  in  the  per  capita  cost 
of  $280;  whereas  in  the  colonies  they  not  only  paid  for  their 

•  There  were  as  many  as  160  girls  at  times  in  colonies,  in  addition  to  from 
16  to  20  younger  girls  in  training  in  junior  colonies,  maintained  by  the  earning 
colonies. 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  19 

own  homes  and  beds  in  rental,  but  also  contributed  home,  bed, 
and  board  for  from  sixteen  to  twenty  younger  non-earning 
girls. 

The  $12,000  used  by  the  girls  for  personal  expenses,  savings, 
etc.,  represents  the  privileges  and  comforts  offered  to  the 
colony  girls  by  this  freer  life,  such  as  free  spending  money, 
better  clothes,  church  and  social  privileges,  savings  in  the 
bank,  etc. 

Girls  Passed  Through  Colonies  October  1,  1914  to  July  1,  1919 

Discipline 

Total  number  passed  through  colonies 362 

Number  never  returned  for  discipline 225 

Number  returned  for  discipline  and  tried  again 131 

Number  returned  permanently  for  discipline 28 

Number  returned  permanently  for  incompetency  or  ill  health 55 

Parole 
Number  paroled  through  colonies 136 

Discharge 

Number  discharged  on  good  record 61 

Number^ischarged  as  runaways 22 

Runaioaya 

Number  runaways  from  colonies  30,  from  parole  22 52 

Number  runaways  discharged  (including  married,  paroled,  or  lost) .  22 

Number  of  runaways  returned 30 

Number  of  runaways   married — colonies   3 

Number  of  runaways  married — parole 7 

Number  of  runaways  immoral — colonies 7 

Number  of  runaways  immoral — parole 4 

Number  of  runaways  lost — colonies 2 

Number  of  runaways  lost — parole 5 

Children 

Number  of  babies  bom  to  colony  girls 0 

Number  of  babies  born  to  parole  girls 9 

Of  the  9  babies  bom  to  parole  girls: 

Mothers  discharged — married 3 

Babies  born  in  institution   (3  died) 5 

Babies  born  outside  and  adopted 1 

Parole  Cases 
Under  the  law  of  1912  which  provides  that  paroles  may  be 
granted  to  inmates  to  test  their  ability  to  live  outside  the 
institution,  we  have  paroled  240  girls  and  276  boys.     Our 


20  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

parole  system  is  closely  connected  with  our  colony  system,  the 
colony  servinij^  as  a  step  in  the  progression  to  larger  freedom 
and  larger  responsibilities.  Before  we  adopted  the  colony 
plan,  many  bo>s  and  girls  who  went  out  on  jjarole  became 
lonely  and  homesick  and  longed  for  association  with  friends 
and  acquaintances;  and  when  their  work  was  done,  rather 
than  remain  alon(\  they  would  tend  to  drift  to  the  streets  and 
associate  with  whomever  they  met  there.  Naturally,  under 
these  conditions,  they  either  made  undesirable  acquaintances 
or  became  so  homesick  that  they  begged  to  be  allowed  to 
return  to  the  institution,  or  actually  did  return  of  their  own 
accord,  having  no  friends  or  relatives  to  whom  to  go.  This 
experience  was  one  of  the  reasons  that  led  us  to  adopt  the 
colony  plan,  to  help  these  cases  gradually  get  back  into  touch 
with  the  world  and  leani  the  ways  of  the  world  and  how  to 
care  for  themselves,  and  at  the  same  time  to  give  them  some 
place  that  they  can  call  home  while  they  are  making  their 
new  associations  and  friendships,  thus  jjrotecting  the^j^  from 
unprincipled  people  and  bad  companions  during  their  rehabili- 
tation period. 

The  employment  of  a  full-time  parole  agent  to  investigate 
homes  and  supervise  the  parole  of  girls,  including  the  girls  in 
the  out-of-town  colonies,  has  been  a  most  helpful  measure,  and 
has  served  to  relieve  the  superintendent  considerably  of  all 
this  detail,  as  well  as  making  it  possible  to  supervise  and 
direct  these  girls  more  closely.  We  consider  all  the  boys  and 
girls  in  out-lying  colonies  as  on  parole,  even  though  they  are 
under  the  care  of  an  employee  of  the  institution,  who  lives 
with  them  as  supervisor  or  house  matron. 

IlhT.ULATIOXS  GOVKUNING  TAUOLK 

The  regulations  that  govern  parole  cases  are  as  follows: 

1.  Application  in  writing  shall  be  made  to  the  superintend- 
ent by  the  person  wishing  to  take  an  imnate  on  parole,  and 
the  home  wherein  such  inmate  is  to  be  placed  shall  be  investi- 
gated by  tlie  superintendent  or  his  agent. 

2.  The  person  taking  an  inmate  on  parole  shall  sign  an 
agrcenuiut  in  duplicate,  one  copy  of  which  shall  be  filed  at  the 
ayylum  and  the  other  given  to  the  person  taking  the  inmate. 

3.  Females  shall  not  be  paroled  into  homes  such  as  public 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  21 

places,  hotels,   boarding  houses,   liospitals,   or  places   where 
there  are  transient  or  frequently  changing  residents  or  popu 
1  at  ion. 

4.  The  superintendent  sliall  re]jort  to  the  board  of  mana- 
gers at  each  monthly  meeting  the  names  of  all  inmates  placed 
on  parole  during  the  past  month,  and  the  names  and  addresses 
of  the  persons  in  whose  homes  such  inmates  have  been  placed. 

Form  1)1'  A}^o(Miu'nt  for  Boy:^ 

1   hortbv   agree  to  take to   live   with   and 

work  lor  me  with  the  understanding:  that  after  lie  has  been  with  nie  four 
weeks,  I  will  decide  whether  or  not  he  proves  satisfactory. 

I  ajjree  to  pay  hira  $ per  month,  with  board  and  lodginjr. 

I  ui^ree  to  report  at  least  once  in  thre»'  months  on  how  the  boy  is  gettin-r 
along,  and  make  complete  settlement. 

I  will  take  receipts  for  all  clothing  bought  lor  the  boy,  and  keep  close 
account  of  the  spending  money  I  give  him,  which  is  not  to  exceed  25  cents 
per  week,  or  $1.00  at  any  one  time,  if  he  is  going  to  town,  and  the  balance 
due  at  the  end  of  each  (juarter  will  be  left  at  the  asylum  for  the  boy. 


1  agree  t<>  the  above  contract 


Notice 
Boys  going  out  on  l)ar^)le  are  not   allowed  to  smoke. 
If  they  have  the  habit  bei'ore  going  o\tt.  ihey  will  be 
.fllowed  to  chew  tobacco,  but  under  no  conditions  will 
they  be  allowed  to  smoke. 

P'orm  of  Agreement    for  Clirls 

I  hereby  agree  to  take to  work  for 

rae,  with  the  understanding  that  after  she  has  been  with  me  four  w-eeks  I 
will  decide  whether  or  not  she  proves  satisfactory,  and  I  agree  to  pay  her 
$3.50  per  week. 

I  agree  to  report  at  least  once  in  three  months  on  how  the  girl  is  getting 
ahmg  and  make  complete  settlement  for  her  services.  I  will  keep  accurate 
account  of  ail  uioney  given  her,  and  take  receipts  for  all  clothing  bought 
lor  lu  I-,  aixl  keep  cliis(>  track  of  the  spending  money  I  give  her,  which  is 
not  to  exceed  25  cents  a  week  for  general  spending  money,  or  $1.00  at  an\ 
one  time  for  special  occasions,  and  the  balance  of  the  money  due  her  at 
the  end  of  each  quarter  will  be  left  at  the  asylum  for  the  girl,  the  under- 
standing being  that  it  is  to  be  placed  in  the  savings  bank  to  her  individual 
credit. 


22  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

Also,  the  following  notices  were  sent  out  to  the  employers 
of  boys  and  girls  on  parole: 

FIRST  NOTICE  GIVEN  TO  EMPLOYERS 

The  boys  and  girls  who  are  sent  out  from  this  institution  to 
work  in  Rome,  and  on  parole  elsewhere,  are  boys  and  girls 
who  liavo  proven  themselves  trusty  at  this  institution  and 
pretty  capable  workers,  along  the  lines  of  general  institution 
work,  such  as  domestic  w^ork,  farm  and  garden  W'ork,  etc.,  and 
while  we  do  not  consider  them  expertly  trained  in  these  lines 
of  work,  we  do  consider  them  good  helpers.  Of  course,  they 
need  a  little  supervision  to  direct  them  in  their  work,  at  least 
until  they  learn  to  do  the  work  in  the  way  in  which  their 
employer  would  like  to  have  them  do  it.  They  also  need 
supervision  and  direction  in  their  social  life  and  street  deport- 
ment. 

Our  object  in  sending  these  boys  and  girls  out  is  that  tliey 
may  learn  to  live  outside  in  the  world  and  become  self-sup- 
porting and  at  the  same  time  vacate  beds  at  the  institution 
for  more  needy  cases,  especially  younger  boys  and  girls  who 
need  the  training  which  they  can  get  in  an  institution  of  this 
character,  and  for  w^hom  there  is  no  other  place. 

We  feel  that  the  training  in  normal  home  life  and  household 
work  and  outside  responsibilities  which  these  boys  and  girls 
will  receive  in  this  way  is  really  worth  more  to  them  than  the 
money  payment  which  they  receive,  and  it  is  for  the  above 
reason  that  we  allow  them  to  go  out  to  work  for  the  small  pay 
asked,  hoping  that  after  they  become  competent  trained 
helpers  and  have  proven  themselves  trusty  and  worth  more, 
for  instance,  after  a  year  of  such  service  and  training,  they 
will  receive  compensation  equal  to  the  value  of  the  work  they 
then  perform. 

Many  of  these  boys  and  girls  w^ere  taken  by  social  workers 
from  very  bad  homes,  where  poverty,  alcoholism,  and  other 
vices  and  lack  of  parental  care  prevailed,  and  placed  here  or 
in  other  institutions  or  homes  for  care,  training,  and  protec- 
tion, or  were  finally  sent  to  us  for  further  care,  study,  and 
training,  and  we  are  now  sending  them  out  to  receive  their 
finishing  training  and  the  final  world  test  as  to  their  ability 
to  make  good. 


V 

CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  23 

SECOND  NOTICE  TO  EMPLOYERS 

Where  girls  are  sent  out  on  parole  to  work  in  families,  we 
are  very  anxious  that  the  woman  of  the  family  should  treat 
these  girls  very  much  the  same  as  she  would  treat  her  own 
girl  as  regards  controlling  them  in  their  street  deportment,  in 
spending  their  money,  buying  clothing,  attending  church,  and 
matters  of  this  kind,  remembering  that  while  these  girls  are 
apparently  full  grown  or  large  and  of  adult  age,  still  their 
mentality  is  retarded  or  subnormal,  as  they  usually  have  a 
mental  age  of  about  eight  to  ten.  years,  and  therefore  we  can- 
not expect  them,  at  first  at  least,  to  use  much  better  judgment 
regarding  their  street  deportment  and  actions  outside  of  the 
house  than  a  girl  of  that  age  would  use,  even  though  they  are 
able  to  do  a  great  deal  of  work,  etc.,  as  a  girl  their  size  ordi- 
narily would  do. 

This  work  they  have  learned  to  do  by  experience,  watching 
and  assisting  older  ones  do  it,  but  they  have  never  had  any 
special  training  in  street  deportment,  spending  money,  etc., 
and  thus  they  need  special  close  watching,  training,  and 
opportunities  for  correct  habit  forming  along  these  lines. 

They  should  not  be  allowed  to  go  to  picture  shows  alone  in 
the  evening,  or  even  in  the  afternoon  very  far  away  from 
home,  or  be  allowed  on  the  street  alone  in  the  evening  or  on 
Sundays. 

You  should  not  hesitate  to  make  them  mind  just  the  same 
as  you  would  your  own  girl  of  eight  to  ten  years  of  age,  and 
if  they  do  not  do  this  agreeably,  or  if  they  tend  to  lie  and 
deceive  you,  you  should  let  us  know  at  the  institution  at  once. 
We  are  trying  to  have  these  girls  learn  how  to  live  outside 
decently,  and  be  helpful,  and  it  is  with  this  in  mind  that  we 
send  them  out  in  this  way,  but  if  they  don't  improve  by  the 
experience,  or  tend  to  grow  worse,  and  also  if  they  lie  and  try 
to  deceive  you,  they  should  be  returned  to  the  institution  at 
once  for  further  discipline  and  training. 

They  should  save  at  least  one-half  of  the  money  which  they 
earn,  to  place  in  the  savings  bank  as  per  direction  in  the  agree- 
ment which  you  have  signed.  They  must  mind,  be  orderly, 
respectful,  and  honest  as  long  as  they  remain  out,  or  other- 
wise be  returned. 


24  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

(^bsp:rvation  Cases 
The  law  of  1912  which  permits  us  to  take  cases  for  observa- 
tion, in  order  that  a  careful  examination  may  be  made  of  their 
mental  condition,  has  resulted  in  our  receiving  a  number  ol" 
such  cases. 

Roys  Girls 

1912 1 

3913 '.'.'.      ]4  6 

191^ 14  5 

1915 24  12 

191G 14  13 

1917 ]2  15 

1918 15  41 

Arrangements  have  been  made  whereby  we  receive  obsei-va- 
tion  cases  from  the  reformatories  and  schools  for  delinquents 
in  New  York  State;  that  is,  before  inmates  are  discliargcd 
from  these  reformatories x or  schools,  tliey  are  sent  to  KoTne 
and  retained  here  for  a  time  to  test  their  mental  capacity.  If 
a  case  proves  to  be  feebleminded,  arrangements  are  made  for 
commitment  to  Rome;  or  boys  and  girls  wlio  are  well  trained, 
and  old  enough  to  take  up  colony  life,  are  within  a  short  time 
placed  under  colony  management  to  test  tlieir  ability  to  lead 
such  a  life.  Later,  if  it  is  desirable  oi-  jiossible,  they  are  sent 
out  on  i)arole. 

Cases  have  been  accepted  from  the  Hudson  Training  School 
for  Girls,  the  Bedford  Reformatorj'  for  Women,  the  Albion 
Reformatory  for  Women,  and  the  \'alatie  State's  Prisou  for 
Women,  and  we  have  arranged  with  the  Prisons  De})artment 
to  test  out  in  this  way  additional  women,  between  the  ages  of 
twenty  and  forty,  from  the  state's  ])riso!is,  where  then'  is  a 
question  whether  or  not  the  case  is  feebleminded.  That  is, 
before  the  woman's  sentence  expires,  she  may  be  paroled 
from  the  state's  prison  to  Rome  and  kept  here  under  observa- 
tion for  a  short  time.  If  it  is  decided  that  she  is  feebleminded 
and  a  proper  case  for  institutional  or  colony  care,  she  m.-iy  be 
connnitted  to  Rome  before  the  exjjiration  of  her  prison  term, 
and  thus  be  kept  in  custody  and  prevented  from  further  drift- 
ing Into  crime  or  immorality. 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED         25 

Summary 

We  have  been  carrying  on  colonization  with  tiie  feeble- 
minded for  the  past  twelve  years  and  have  proved  it  practical, 
economical,  and  feasible  in  every  way. 

We  liave  at  present  ten  farm  colonies  for  boys,  with  at  least 
twenty  inmates  and  farmer  and  wife  on  each,  living  comfort- 
ably in  the  old  farmhouse  on  one  hundred  or  more  acres  of 
land.  Such  farms  cost  the  state  between  $5,000  and  $10,000 
each,  or  a  rental  of  from  $600  to  $1,000  a  year,  while  institu- 
tional buildings  cost  at  least  $500  to  $1,000  for  each  inmate. 
Also,  these  colonies  are  self-supporting  after  the  first  year, 
including  all  expenses  and  5  per  cent  on  the  investment. 

We  have  one  colony  for  boys  at  work  in  Rome,  such  work 
including  gardening,  caring  for  lawns,  shoveling  snow,  tend- 
ing furnaces,  etc. 

We  liave  eight  colonies  for  girls  in  rented  houses  in  the  city 
of  Home  and  elsewhere  about  the  state,  where  from  160  to  250 
girls,  under  the  supervision  of  matrons  and  parole  agents,  are 
supporting  themselves  doing  domestic  work,  hand  laundr\', 
sewing,  and  mill  work. 

The  purpose  of  these  colonies  is  to  test  out  the  boys  and 
girls  in  an  existence  more  nearly  normal  than  is  possible  in  a 
large  institution.  The  privilege  of  colony  life  is  given  only 
to  self-respecting  boys  and  girls  of  reasonable  intelligence. 
who  wish  to  make  an  effort  to  be  self-sustaining,  law-abiding 
citizens.  The  boys'  ages  run  from  sixteen  to  thirty  years,  the 
girls'  from  sixteen  to  forty;  in  the  girls'  colony  for  prepara- 
tory training,  from  twelve  to  sixteen  years. 

These  boys  and  girls  at  first  live  in  the  colony  houses,  going 
out  to  work  by  the  day.  Later,  if  proven  trustworthy,  they 
are  allowed  to  live  at  the  houses  where  they  work,  using  the 
colony  houses  as  social  centers  for  their  leisure  hours.  Both 
boys  and  girls  living  in  the  colonies  are  encouraged  to  come 
back  to  the  parent  institution  for  dances,  band  concerts,  mov- 
ing-picture (Mitertainniouts,  and  any  ne('de<j  medical  atten- 
tion. 

Church  and  Sunday-school  privileges  are  allowed  to  all  who 
care  to  take  advantage  of  them.  For  the  girls,  classes  are 
provided   in  the  domestic  arts,  mending,   lottor  writing,  etc. 


26  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

Pianos  and  Victrolas  are  in  use  in  all  the  houses,  and  girls 
who  show  ability  are  given  musical  instruction. 

The  colony  houses  and  their  activities  are  regularly  in- 
spected by  a  parole  agent,  who  also  visits  the  houses  in  which 
the  colony  boys  and  girls  are  employed. 

Earnings  are  spent  for  housing,  clothing,  and  savings-bank 
accounts,  and — to  the  extent  of  fifty  cents  a  week — for  pleas- 
ures and  personal  expenditures.  About  one-third  of  the  earn- 
ings go  into  savings,  thus  encouraging  each  individual  in 
habits  of  thrift. 

The  results  of  the  colony  system  we  have  found  to  be  more 
self-respect,  more  hope,  more  happiness  for  individuals,  and 
for  the  institution  an  atmosphere  of  hope  that  stimulates 
energy  and  industry,  lessening  the  number  of  discipline  cases. 
If  there  was  any  lack  of  proof  that  our  system,  as  devised 
and  carried  out,  is  practicable  and  workable,  it  was  to  be 
found  in  the  fact  that  during  my  absence  of  two  months  at  the 
Plattsburg  Officers'  Training  Camp,  in  the  summer  of  1918, 
two  new  colonies  for  girls — the  one  at  East  Aurora  and  the 
one  at  Syracuse — and  one  new  farm  colony  for  boys — the 
Lawrence  Farm  Colony — which  had  been  opened  just  before 
I  went  away  and  had  not  been  thoroughly  organized,  went  on 
successfully  to  complete  organization  without  my  having  to 
lend  a  hand  or  advise  in  any  way. 

Conclusions 

1.  We  believe  that  with  better  facilities  for  manual,  indus- 
trial, and  vocational  training  in  our  public-school  system,  to 
make  up  for  the  lack  of  opportunities  for  physical  develop- 
ment, home  training,  and  apprenticeship  such  as  existed  in 
the  past,  many  of  the  border-line  cases  will  be  saved  in  com- 
munity life  and  will  never  need  asylum  or  custodial  care. 

2.  From  now  on,  we  should  devote  our  energies  toward 
enlargement  along  the  lines  of  colonization,  to  rehabilitate 
as  far  as  possible  the  patients  that  come  to  us  and  to  return 
their  services  to  the  state,  thus  vacating  many  of  the  beds  in 
our  existing  institutions  and  making  them  available  for 
younger  and  more  socially  dangerous  cases. 

3.  The  scr\"ices  of  many  of  these  women  could  well  be 
utilized  in  large  centers  of  population  for  domestic  work,  hand 


CARE  FOR  THE  FEEBLEMINDED  27 

laundry,  and  sewing,  thus  in  no  way  materially  competing 
with  native  or  naturalized  American  labor.  At  least  20  per 
cent,  and  I  believe  40  per  cent,  of  all  feebleminded  and  border- 
line cases  can  be  very  successfully  and  economically  so 
handled. 

4.  There  is  ample  opportunity  for  colonization  of  all  the 
available  trained  men  on  various  parcels  of  state-owned  land 
and  on  abandoned  or  undeveloped  farms,  where  such  labor  is 
especially  needed.  At  the  same  time  the  individual  is 
rendered  happy,  contented,  and  self-sustaining  in  an  environ- 
ment well  suited  to  his  mental  state. 

I  am  firmly  of  the  belief  that  if  this  colony  system  is  con- 
tinued and  proves  as  successful  as  it  has  in  the  past — which 
I  am  sure  it  will — we  shall  be  able  to  provide  in  such  colonies 
for  at  least  one-half  of  all  the  feebleminded  who  will  have  to 
be  cared  for  by  the  state  of  New  York  because  of  dependency 
or  delinquency.  This  method  of  caring  for  them  will  save  the 
state  not  only  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  that 
would  otherwise  be  spent  annually  for  the  maintenance  of 
these  people,  but  also  the  overhead  expense  of  $1,000  per  bed 
for  from  fifteen  to  twenty  thousand  cases.  If  we  only  con- 
sider the  interest  on  this  investment  at  5  per  cent,  it  will  mean 
a  matter  of  a  million  dollars  saved  in  interest  on  the  twenty 
million  that  would  be  spent  in  building  for  these  twenty 
thousand  people. 

And  more,  these  cases  will  be  made  much  happier  and  more 
contented  by  this  method  of  treatment,  much  more  normal 
in  their  lives  and  activities,  while  at  the  same  time  the  public 
will  have  the  benefit  of  labor  which  otherwise,  according  to 
present  indications,  will  not  be  available. 

In  connection  with  such  a  colony  system,  many  of  the  boys 
and  girls  who  have  proven  to  be  entirely  trustworthy  and 
amenable  to  ordinary  family  life  will  be  placed  on  parole — 
boys  on  farms  and  girls  with  good  families — to  the  extent  of 
some  five  thousand  at  least. 

During  the  past  ten  years,  I  have  seen  many  boys  and  girls 
thus  rehabilitated,  and  the  fact  that  a  few  fail  on  first 
trial  or  even  repeatedly  is  no  sure  proof  that  we  were  mistaken 
in  our  judgment  of  their  ability  to  live  outside  the  institution. 
Often  I  have  seen  these  failures  succeed  almost  immediately 


28  MENTAL  HYGIENE 

wlicii  placed  in  another  onviionmont,  and  continue  to  sncceec] 
from  thence  on;  i)os,sibly  tlie  previous  exi)erienco  of  failure 
was  the  best  lesson  they  could  have  had.  Most  of  us  norma! 
individuals  have  at  one  time  or  another  been  at  the  point  of 
failure,  and  probably  would  have  failed  had  indul.i^ent  [)arents 
and  friends  not  g-iven  us  a  chance  to  try  a,i»aiii  and  yet  ai^^ain 
until  we  eventually  found  ourselves.  Nor  should  a  small  num 
ber  of  complete  failures  lead  to  the  cond<-miiation  of  a  system 
that  is  proving-  successful  in  the  ij;reat  majority  of  cases,  with 
benefit  both  to  the  individual  and  to  society. 


SOME  NEW  PROBLEMS  FOR  PSYCHIATRIC 
RESEARCH  IN  DELINQUENCY* 

THOMAS  \V.  SALMON.  M.I). 

Mcilirnl   IHrator.   Thr  \ational  Vommittve  for  Mental   Ilygitne 

TT  is  no  lon^i  r  necessary  to  dwell  upon  the  value  of  careful 
-■-  psychiatric  examinations  of  prisoners  and  persons  accused 
of  crime.  Demonstrations  made  in  this  country  during  the 
last  few  years  go  far  toward  indicating  that  those  disorders 
of  conduct  which  we  call  crime  and  delinciuency  can  be  no 
more  successfully  managed  without  investigating  the  state  of 
the  organ  of  conduct  than  disorders  of  other  kinds  can  be 
treated  without  understanding  the  processes  responsible  for 
them.  First  in  the  children's  courts — from  which  lessons  of 
even  wider  application  may  yet  come — and  later  in  nearly 
every  kind  of  criminal-court  procedure,  psychiatric  studies 
have  come  to  be  regarded  by  many  judges  as  a  routine  part  of 
Judicial  investigation.  One  has  said  that  he  would  not  con- 
tinue his  work  "if  he  were  deprived  of  the  benefit  of  his 
psychiatric  coadjutor."  ** 

The  extension  of  such  work  to  correctional  institutions  was, 
in  the  beginning,  solely  for  tiie  purpose  of  detecting  those 
individuals  for  whom  we  have  more  a|)propriate  receptacles 
than  prisons  and  reformatories,  but,  notably  at  Sing  Sing 
Prison  and  the  United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks  at  Fort 
Leavenworth,  systems  of  intra-institutional  classification  and 
numagement  have  grown  up  with  the  psychiatric  study  of 
prisoners  as  tiieir  comer  stone. 

Merely  to  give  a  partial  list  of  the  well-organized  psychi- 
atric clinics  dealing  with  crime  and  delinquency  that  were  in 
operation  elsewhere  than  in  children's  courts  when  we  entered 
the  war  will  indicate  the  rapid  growth  of  this  new  method  of 
.studying  crime.  Tiie  clinics  of  Fort  Leavenworth,  Sing  Sing, 
the  Police  Department  and  the  Department  of  Corrections  in 

*  H«>4itl  at  tlio  clovoiitli  uiinual  meetiii;;  «>f  the  Auu'ricaii   Institute  of  Criminal 
l.;iw   and    C'riniinologj'.    i{(>-.t<)n,    Maas.,    September    :*..    I'.UH. 
*•  Quoted  by  Dr.  Peuree  Hailey  in  the  \'cu-  R(']>iihlu-,   15)17. 

•29 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

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MAYS    196(1 

LD  21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476 


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